| TOXICOLOGY |
Agelenidae
| Taxa | Important proteins isolated from the toxin | Importance |
| Agelena orientalis | Agelenin Agel 01-25 | — |
| Agelenopsis aperta | AG 489 | TRP1 antagonist |
| AG 505 | Aceylpolyamine toxin | |
| µ-agatoxin 1-6 | Na+ channel antagonist | |
| w-Aga I-IVA | Ca2+ channels antagonist | |
| Hololena curta | Curtatoxin I-III | Na+ channel agonist |
| Holena sp. | HF-7 | Blocks receptors in the nerve cell membranes and prevent glutamate production |
| Tegenaria agrestis | TaITX-1-3 | Paralytic insecticidal toxin |
Araneidae
| Taxa | Important proteins isolated from the toxin | Importance |
| Araneus ventricosus | Toxin 1 | Serine protease inhibitor |
| Toxin 2 | — | |
| Caerostris extrusa | Neurotoxic peptide caeron | — |
| Parawixia bistriata | Parawixin-I | Parawixin-I selectively affects a glial glutamate transporter, excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) by specifically increasing one particular step of the glutamate uptake cycle. Its specificity and selectivity makes Parawixin-I a perfect starting point to design small molecules for the treatment of pathological conditions caused by alterations of glutamate homeostasis. |
Ctenidae
| Taxa | Important proteins isolated from the toxin | Importance |
| Ancylometes sp. | Neurotoxin ANC32C7 Neurotoxin ANC45C1 Venom protein ANC29C0 | — |
| Ctenus ornatus | Neurotoxin-OcFU-5, OcM31-11, OcM10-6, OcM9-7, OcM14-5, OcM14-9, OcM20-3, OcM33-7, OcF17-11, OcF22, OcF29-9, OcF32-8, OcF35-5, OcF40-4, OcFU-18, Venom peptide – F13-4, M14-8, OcF9-5, OctF25-6, OctF30-12 | — |
| Cupiennius salei | CSTX-9 CSTX-13CSTX-I | Insecticidal Neurotoxin |
| Selective blocker of L-type Ca2+ channels in mammalian neurons | ||
| Cupiennin – 1a, 1b, 1d, 1a*, 1d* | Pronounced insecticidal activity and membrane destroying mode of action on prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cells | |
| Lachesana tarabaevi | Latarcin (1 to 7) | Lytic effects on cells of diverse origin at micromolar concentrations. |
| Phoneutria nigriventer | PhTx4 (6-1) | Na+ channel antagonist |
| PhTx3-4 | Inhibits glutamate uptake in synaptosomes | |
| PhTx3-1 | K+ channel antagonist | |
| w-PTxIIA | Block presynaptic Ca2+ channel |
| Lycosidae |
| Taxa | Important proteins isolated from the toxin | Importance |
| Geolycosa sp. | w-Lsp-1A | Act on voltage gated Ca2+ channels in vertebrates |
| w-Lsp-1A (1-5) | Cav 2.1 | |
| Hogna carolinensis | (i) Lycotoxin I (ii) Lycotoxin II | Promote efflux of Ca2+ from synaptosomes, to cause hemolysis of erythrocytes. Dissipate voltage gradients across muscle membrane. Antimicrobial assays showed that both lycotoxins potently inhibit the growth of bacteria (E. coli) and yeast (Candida glabrata) at micromolar concentrations. |
| Lycosa erythrognatha | BPP-S | Inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme |
| Peptide-S | Act at bradykinin receptor based on bradykinin like activity |
| Nephilidae |
| Taxa | Important protein isolated from the toxin | Importance | |
| 1. | Nephila clavata | JSTX-1 JSTX-2 JSTX-3 JSTX-4 | Useful in stydying receptors for excitatory aminoacids
in the mammalian central nervous system. Proteins have been shown to be a specific blocker of the post synaptic glutamate receptors. |
| 2. | Nephila madagascariensis | NPTX-594 | |
| 3. | Nephila pilipes | NSTX-1 NSTX-2 NSTX-3 NSTX-4 NSTX-5 NSTX-6 | (hydroxyl-3-yl)acetyl moiety |
| NSTX-7 NSTX-8 NSTX-9 NSTX-10 NSTX-11 NSTX-12 | (indole-3-yl) acetyl moiety |
Oxyopidae
| Taxa | Important protein isolated from the toxin | Importance | |
| 1. | Oxyopes takobius | (1) Oxyopinins Oxyopinin 1 (48 aa residues) Oxyopinin 2a Oxyopinin 2b Oxyopinin 2c Oxyopinin 2d | Peptides with antimicrobial, hemolytic & insecticidal activity ability to block voltage sensitive calcium ion channels |
| (2) Oxytoxins Oxy Tx1 (69 aa residues) | |||
| 2. | Oxyopes lineatus | (1) Oxytoxins Oxy Tx1 (69 aa residues) Oxy Tx2 (55 aa residues) |
Peucetia viridans Venom :
| Preparation : |
| Milked venoms are harvested from the fangs using
numerous precautions to protect them from contamination by regurgitate
and hemolymph. Typically, spiders are lightly anesthetized with
carbondioxide, the mouth is suctioned to remove regurgitate and mild
electric stimulation is used to stimulate venom release. Venom glands are typically dissected from anesthetized animals, rinsed in physiological saline to remove adhering fluids and placed in excess RNA later. |
| Composition : |
| Venoms usually have about 10% protein. 5 microliters of venom will weigh approximately 1 mg after lyophilization and contain approximately 0.5 mg protein. |
| Typical uses : |
| mRNA extraction for PCR. Sequencing and protein expression. |
Salticidae
| Taxa | Toxin Name | Importance |
| Phidippus appacheanus | Hadrurin | — |
| Sparassidae |
| Taxa | Important proteins isolated from the toxin | Importance |
| Heteropoda venatoria | 1. Heteropodatoxin (HpTx)
a) HpTx1 or AU3/KJ5 b) HpTx2 or KJ6 c) HpTx3 or AU5C/KJ7 These 3 toxins are structurally similar peptides of 29-32 aa. They show sequence similarity to Hanatoxins [isolated from the venom of chilean rose tarantula (Grammostala rosea)] | Inhibitor of voltage gated potassium channels of the KV4 family Also blocks calcium channels. |
| Toxin AU2 Toxin KJ1 Toxin AU5A Toxin AU5B | Non specific blocker of KV4 channels and weak blocker of calcium channels |
Theraphosidae
| Spider species | Toxin Name | Toxin Activity |
| Aphonopelma sp. | Eurypelma spider toxin 1 Eurypelma spider toxin 2 | — |
| Brachypelma albiceps | Ba1 & Ba2 | Toxins with insecticidal activity |
| Brachypelma smithi | Bs1, venom protein 1, venom protein 5 | Toxins with insecticidal activity |
| Ceratogyrus marshalli | Ceratotoxin 1, 2, 3 | Na+ channel antagonist |
| Chilobrachys jingzhao | JZTx 1 | Inhibits deactivation of cardiac sodium channels without affecting tetrodotoxin resistant sodium channels |
| JZTx III | Inhibits activation of tetrotoxin insensitive voltage gated sodium channels without affecting VGSGs or Ca2+ | |
| Jingzhaotoxin-5 | Inhibit both tetrodotoxin resistant and tetrodotoxin sensitive volgate gated Na+ channels and Kv4.2 channels | |
| Jingzhaotoxin-7 | — | |
| Jingzhaotoxin-11 | Inhibits voltage gated Na+ (especially Nav1.5) and potassium channels (especially Kv2.1, Kv4.2 & Kv4.1) | |
| Jingzhaotoxin-12 | Inhibits voltage-gated K+ channels of the subtypes Kv4.1 | |
| Coremiocnemis valida | Covalitoxin-2 | Toxins with insecticidal activity |
| Grammostola rosea | Grammotoxin SIA | Omega grammotoxin : inhibits P/Q and N type Ca2+ channels |
| GSMTX-2 GSMTx-4 | Stretch-activated ion channel (SACs) antagonist | |
| HaTx 1 (Hanatoxin 1) HaTx 2 (Hantoxin 2) | Peptide : K+ channel (KV 2.1) antagonist | |
| PaTx 1 (Phrixotoxin 1) PaTx 2 PaTx 3 | Selective block of KV 4.2 and KV 4.3 potassium channels | |
| VSTx 1 | K+ channel antagonist | |
| Haplopelma hainanum | Hainantoxin-V | Inhibits TTX sensitive but not TTX resistant voltage gated Na+ channels |
| Hainantoxin-III & IV | Inhibits neuronal TTX-sensitive voltage gated Na+ channels | |
| Hainantoxin-I | Inhibits voltage gated sodium channels | |
| Heteroscodra maculata | HmTx 1 HmTx 2 | KV 2 potassium channels antagonist |
| Hysterocrates gigas | SNX-482 | Ca2+ channels antagonist |
| Lasiodora parahybana | Lasiotoxin 1 & 2 | — |
| Ornithoctonus huwena | HwTx 4 (Huwentoxin H) | TTX sensitive sodium (Na+) channel antagonist |
| Paraphysa scrofa | Phrixotoxin-1,2 | Inhibits voltage gated K+ channels Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 by shifting channels activation to more deplorized potentials |
| Phrixotoxin-3 | Inhibits several subtypes of voltage gated Na+ channels especially Nav1.2 | |
| Plesiophrictus guangxiensis | Guangxitoxin | Inhibitor of K(V) 2.1 / K(V) 2.2 channels |
| Psalmopoeus cambridgei | PcFK 1 PcFK 2 (Psalmopeotoxin) | Antimalarial peptides |
| PeTx 1 (Psalmotoxin 1) | Inhibits proton activation of acid sensitive ion channels (ASIC 1a) | |
| Vanillotoxins | Capsacin receptor agonists | |
| Stromatopelma calceata | ScTx 1 | High affinity inhibitor of KV 2.2 and also inhibits KV 2.1 |
| Theraphosa leblondi | TLTx 1 TITx 2 TITx 3 | Inhibits KV 4.2 potassium channels |
| Thrixopelma pruriens | ProTx-1 ProTx-II | First high-affinity ligands for tetrodotoxin-resistant peripheral nerve Na (V) channels, but also inhibit other Na (V) channels |
Theridiidae
| Taxa | Important proteins isolated from the toxin | Importance |
| Latrodectus tredecimguttatus | (A) Alpha latrotoxin (130 KDa) [3 receptor for alpha latrotoxin : i) Neurexin ii) Latrophilin iii) Protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma] | Binds to presynaptic nerve terminals and stimulates massive neurotransmitter release Latrotoxin tetramer can form ion permeable pores in the membrane of target cells, causing influx of calcium ions and thus leading to massive neurotransmitter release |
| (B) Latrocrusta toxin | Presynaptic toxin (crustaceans) | |
| (C) Latroinsecto toxin | Presynaptic toxin (insects) | |
| Latrodectin | — | |
| LMWP2 | Act on presynaptic nerve terminal |
Thomisidae
| Taxa | Important proteins isolated from the toxin | Importance |
| Heriaeus melloteei | Hm-1 Hm-2 | Inhibits voltage gated Na+ channels |
Zodariidae
| Taxa | Important proteins isolated from the toxin | Importance |
| Lachesana tarabaevi | Latarcin-1, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5, 6a, 6b, 6c, 7 | Toxins with cytolytic, antibacterial and hemolytic activity |
| Cyto-insectotoxin1 | Toxins with antibacterial, insecticidal and cytolytic activity |